The Wizard of Oz Essay Example for Free

The mavinard of Oz EssayThe Wizard of Oz uses film form by using similarity and repetition. With Dorothy being the chief(prenominal) character, she is always reappearing in the film. As well as all of the characters, The Tin humanity, The Lion, and The Scarecrow, have similarities to Dorothy. Each of them need something, Dorothy needs to go spinal column home, The Tin Man needs a brain, The Scarecrow needs a heart, and The Lion needs courage. The film also progresses from the beginning to the end, as well as the characters. Dorothy starts at ane spot, follows the colour brick road and eventually makes it to her destination to see The Wizard of Oz, gets what she wants and ends up back home. The characters grow as they go. You can really evaluate this film because it is truly interesting and catchy. The director carries the story very well in his Narrative form.Film Style(Mise-en-Scene)The viewers can pick up a broadcast from the film The Wizard of Oz. The setting is alway s pretty much the same, there is a lot of different wiles, different shapes, and patterns. The filmmaker is always grabbing our attention with the regeneration of things that show up end-to-end the film. Something else that the viewers notice a lot is the characters, especially Dorothy. Each of their costumes represents the character, leaving the viewers to remember them by what they are wearing. The briny thing that is remembered about Dorothy is her ruby red heels that end up getting her back home. Dorothy receives the ruby red heels at the beginning of her adventure and she wears them all throughout the film down the yellow brick road, and at the end of the film the ruby red heels have a big significance. Dorothy ends up getting let in to see the Wiz of Oz only because of the ruby red heels. Eventually, Dorothy clicks her ruby red heels together and they magically get her back home. (Cinematography)The Cinematography that the Wizard of Oz use is a benchmark for Technicolors th ree-strip process. The individual colors stand out everywhere, and there is never a trace of chroma noise. The image is brighter and sharper in the film. The line of products of the film really affects the mood. Since the contrast is so bright the viewer is bound to stay focused and aware because everything is so catchy and noticeable. Also, the exposure changes throughout the film. At the very beginning the film starts in black and white and changed to color as the story progressed. The filmmaker uses a lot of Long Takes, each crack cocaine of Dorothy meeting someone new is pretty lengthy. (Editing)The Wizard of Oz is an early film but editing is used quite a bit. First off, the absence of color in the beginning and the ending of the film. This sets an overall feeling of Dorothy being home. Next the film turns to color once Dorothy dreams of being in a different world, the color, to that extent again, set an overall mood for Dorothy in this new world Over the rainbow. The first steps of Dorothy being in the world of The Wizard of Oz gives off an exercise of inside and outside editing. The shot begins with a close up of Dorothys face and the camera slowly moves out to show everything else around Dorothy, which was the start of the yellow brick road and Munchkin land.After the viewer see all of that, the camera moves back in to Dorothys face when she says that they are not in Kansas anymore. One editing transition used a lot in The Wizard of Oz is the fade-in and dissolve. Another is cross-cut, two events occurring at the same time but in two different locations. This is used in the scene at the poppy field, after Dorothy and her friends meet the Lion. The shot zooms out to the Witches crystal ball, and fades away. Then the Witch looks into her crystal ball and can see the poppy field, zooming back in to see Dorothy and her friends on their adventure to see The Wizard of Oz. (Sound)The perceptual properties of film sound used in The Wizard of Oz are the lo udness (volume) and pitch. The scenes where the multitude sing Were off Were off to see the Wizard, The wonderful Wizard of Oz, Youll find that the man is a whiz of a Wiz, If ever a Wiz there was, If ever, if ever a Wizmthere was, The Wizard of Oz is one because, Because, because, because, because, because, Of the wonderful things he does, Were off to see the Wizard, The wonderful Wizard of Oz, the volume as well as the pitch always go up. The rhythm flows really well. An example from the Wizard of Oz that shows non-diegetic sound is when Dorothy is talking to the Wicked Witch and the Good Witch. The characters conversation is mirrored with the symphony playing in the background. The non-diegetic sound supports the narrative. As well as helping the viewers get an emotional attachment to the shots. (Narrative)

A report on recruitment and selection process for the recruiting

A report on recruitment and pickaxe process for the recruiting1a) Describe a suit commensurate recruitment and selection process for Barretts Car genuinely.The owners of Barretts Carvery a handed-down pub eating place ar interested in expanding their menu by sallying other hot plates such as hot pots, stew, and dumplings. Presently the restaurant offers a number of selections, including the traditional dinner, vegetarian dinner, and childrens dinner. This report describes the recruitment, selection, and retention process for the three additional employees needed to expand the restaurants menu, along with recommendations to build a wining team, control hard-hitting leadership, and identify work and development needs for Barretts Carvery.RECRUITMENT PROCESSAccording to EDWIN FLIPPO Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees, and stimulating them to apply for clienteles in the brass instrument (Draft and Marcic, 2008). The recruitment process begins wit h identifying the need for mental faculty, which usually derives from the human resources plan. Barretts Carvery has identified the need for three additional provide to assist in the kitchen and to be servers. For every ecesis it is important to have the right person in the right position. When the wrong person for the position is hired, it typically results in having to refill the position again. Time, m unmatchedy, and energy atomic number 18 lost during this downtime, as well as additional recruiting and training costs. It hurts a company to have an open position in several ways, including loss of productivity, defeat of continuous retraining and inability to progress with company initiatives. Bad hires whitethorn likewise result in good employees leaving the company, creating an even greater derangement problem (Main, 2009). The key objective is to be cost effective in the numbers, and quality of employees required fulfilling the human resources needs of an presidential term. Today, recruiting is sometimes referred to as talent achievement to reflect the importance of the human factor in the organizations success. (Draft and Marcic, 2008).It is important for Barretts Carvery to get a clear picture of what kind of individuals are needed which bottomland be accomplished by designing a business concern description along with a person specification. A job and persons description is an organized process of multitude and interpreting breeding about the essential duties, tasks, and responsibilities of the job to be performed. A persons specification or job specification is vital to any organization as it enables the company to find the perfect person- to-job-fit, (Scribd, 2010). Moreover, it is also important that the scientific disciplines, aptitudes, and knowledge outlined in the person specification are directly related to the needs of the job if this is not so expectations will not be met, and both employers and employees will be disappointed ( Scribd, 2010). The following job and person descriptions are recommended for the positions of a server and Kitchen Assistant for Barretts Carvery to assist in their recruitment and selection process.JOB SPECIFICATION FOR SERVERJOB TITLE ServerDEPARTMENT DiningREPORTS TO Dining section ManagerOBJECTIVES Our goal is to be professional and well- elbow roomed at all times, to provide our customer the best overhauls in order to gain a competitive edge, and to ensure total customer satisfaction. Servers are the send-off contact for our customers as such you must(prenominal) greet them in a professional and courteous manner in attempt to make Barretts Carvery the number one choice restaurant. (Food and swallow Underground 2007-2008)Basic functions includes but not limited toServes Guests quickly and professionallyShould have an excellent knowledge of the menusMaintains sections, and keep tables cleanEssential functionsWork without supervisionPolish all silverware and glassware used f or servicesApproach Guests, cordially welcome and seat them at the next assigned tableIntroduce the beverage and food menu in a friendly and enthusiastic mannerAccurately take ordersFollow all safety and sanitation regulationsAccurate calculation when preparing checkClear tables and reset them during shiftAny other duties that may be assigned to you by your managerPERSON SPECIFICATION FOR SERVERJOB TITLE ServerDEPARTMENT DiningEducation, Training and QualificationsKnowledge high-pitched School DiplomaBasic Math SkillsWork experiences in a Restaurant mustiness hold a valid Food Hygiene enfranchisementSkills and AptitudesSpeak fluent English LanguageAbility to communicate effectivelyMust be able to take directionsCapable of working in TeamsMust be able to work calmly in crisisMust possess problem solving abilitiesNon-essential requirementsAbility to speak fluent SpanishServer witness or trainingSERVER JOB DESCRIPTIONTaking Orders, the server will be responsible for taking customer orders, organizing them, and keeping time of the hunt of the order. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Working Environment, you are responsible for keeping your section clean and organized silverwares and glasses spotless change table cloths and dust chairs when necessary. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Clearing of utensils, you are to replace needed utensils right away afterward cleaning a plate be pro active by pre-setting utensils before your guest needs it. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Be visible, you are to ensure that your guest prat get your attention easily keep analyse you section for jobs that need to be done. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Menu, familiarize yourself with the menu and your specials, it is important for you to know what is offered to better sell the product. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Check out, after organizing and calculating the check you are required to take it to the manager on duty who will revie w and approve same. (Food and Beverage Underground 2007-2008)Based on the job description, job and person specification Barretts Carvery should conduct an internal valuatement to determine whether or not their needs contribute be met from existing staff resources through retraining or redevelopment. If these needs stooge be filled internally, the company should advertise the positions internally. Internal recruiting has several advantages It is less costly than extraneous search, and it generates higher(prenominal) employee commitment, development, and satisfaction because it offers opportunities for precautioner advancement to employees rather than outsiders (Draft and Marcic, 2008). The simple monetary aspect of promoting qualified employees is the most obvious advantage. The costs associated with recruiting and training a new employee whoremonger be signifi dissolvetly higher than filling that position by promoting from at bottom. A newly hired employee must take time to be come acclimated to the corporate surround and learn the daily routines and minutiae that is already second nature to an already employed worker (Sexton, 2007). Sexton went on to mentioned, depending upon the intricacies involved, its not unusual for it take several weeks or even months for a new employee to fully learn and acclimate himself to the company culture and become productive. By contrast, an employee already familiar with the company may be fully productive in a new position within a matter of days. In addition, the company will be better able to determine the psychological state of those already employed than it send packing of workers from outside the company (Sexton, 2007).Although there are some advantages with internal recruiting frequently , however external recruiting is advantageous, applicants are available through a variety of outside sources, including advertising, state employment services, online recruiting services, private employment agencies, job fairs an d employee referrals (Draft and Marcic, 2008).If the vacancies cannot be filled internally whence Barretts Carvery should begin its recruitment process by advertising externally. If no suitable applicants are identified after advertising then the company can opt to re-advertise, or redesign the job and person specification.SELECTION PROCESSOn receipt of applications for the position Barretts Carvery should create shortlist in an attempt to determine which applicants are most suitable to fill the position this commences the selection process. The selection process is the process of determining the skills, abilities, and other attributes a person needs to perform a partingicular job (Daft Marcic, 2008). The next step would be to select desired candidates from the shortlist of recruited applicants, and conduct interviews or assessment tests for the potential candidates. The suitability of the potential candidates can be assessed by various methods such as the use of application form s, interviews, tests, and assessment centers (Daft Marcic, 2008).In identifying suitable candidates, Barretts Carvery can use applications form to obtain information about persons applying for the position. The application form generally includes education, past job experiences, and personalities of the potential candidate. However, when reviewing application forms, Barretts Carvery should pay attention to questions specifically related to the position posted, so as not to create any undesirable outcome, and ensure there are no discriminatory practices. In addition to the information on the application forms, Barretts Carvery can also use the information garnered during the interview process.According to BusinessDictionary (2007-2010), an interview is a somewhat formal discussion between two parties in which information is exchanged. For a business looking to fill an open job position, an employer might interview potential candidates to gain a better understanding of their backgrou nds, qualifications, and skills. Some organizations place study emphasis on the interview process. Google a popular search engine, for example, it could take an applicant anywhere from four to a dozen interviews before they get a shot at working with this company (Tay, 2006). Interviews are considered the most common method used in the selection process. Interviews give the interviewer an opportunity to meet the applicants feel to face and see what the person is like and would be able to assess the applicants personalities (CIPD, revised 2010). It is recommended that Barretts Carvery conduct face-to-face interviews which will allow the company the opportunity to assess the applicants in person.Employment test can also play an important role in Barretts Carverys selection process. Employment tests are designed to assess applicants on particular characteristics like intelligence, skills, and other abilities. These tests can be written or computer-based (Daft Marcic, 2008). Today, a bout 50 percent of all companies ask candidates to answer questions that aim to handbill their success at particular jobs for which they apply, industry experts state. Tests generally fall into three categories cognition and ability tests, which measure an innate capability or intelligence simulations and skill tests, which measure facts that a person knows and personality and other indicator tests, which measure values and the right orientation for a specific job (Joyce, 2006).When creating its short list, Barretts Carvery, should ensure that the applicants selected must match the person specification to avoid costs of hiring the wrong persons. The final stage in Barretts Carverys selection process would be to confirm the offer to the selected applicants, who are then sent to undergo a medical for the purpose of pension, life insurance, or to ensure a certain level of physical fittingness that may be required to carry out the job. The management of Barretts Carvery should then pr epare the contract of employment.1b) what benefits could Barretts Carvery offer the staff in order for them to remain within the organization?RETENTIONRetaining employees is critical in any business. Employee turnover can become problematic especially in areas where skills are relatively scarce, recruitment is costly, or when it takes a long period to fill a vacancy. While employee turnover can be beneficial in some instances by replacing an underperforming employee with a more productive one, it can also have a negative impact such as the lost of productive employees to the competitors. In increasing its staff complement, Barretts Carvery must also ensure that the restaurant retains its current employees which can be accomplished by offering carious employee benefits (CIPD, 2009).EMPLOYEES BENEFITSEmployee benefits are elements of remuneration given in addition to the various forms of cash pay. Employees benefits can also include items that are not strictly remuneration, such as an nual holidays. (Armstrong, 2006). Employee benefits and their objectives may differ from one organization to another, certainly in the case of restaurants where little or no benefits are offered. According to Food Services Warehouse (2009), affiances and salaries vary slimly from restaurant to restaurant, even for the same position. However, restaurant worker wages are different depending on the type of restaurant, the geographical location, and the worker responsibilities Restaurants are one of the businesses cognize to pay less than minimum wage, and the benefits are what the employees depend on which is sometimes minimal (Food Services Warehouse 2009). The most common restaurant employee benefits are said to be tips, meals, and paid time off. Although tips are often considered a benefit of working in a restaurant, many servers and bartenders would most likely consider it part or their income. (Food Services Warehouse 2009)Based on the fact that tips is not paid by the employer but rather by the customers, tips may not be considered a reliable benefits by some employees, especially in none elite restaurant such as Barretts Carvery. As tips are sometimes support by the customers perception of the quality of services received, one recommendation Barretts Carvery can employ to retain employees is making gratuity mandatory. Mandatory gratuity which is then campaign on to the respective employee, may give the employees a sense of security of receiving this benefit. However, gratuity, from personal experiences, can be problematic especially at times when the service rendered is abysmal. In cases were services are found deficient, Barretts Carvery should take corrective measures. Barretts Carvery could also offer the other common benefits including meals and paid time-off (Food Services Warehouse 2009).Another recommendation is to implement an Employee of the Month recognition program. A recognition program would enable employees to feel valued, which has a pos itive effect on staff retention (Jones 2010). KFC has a staff recognition program, and Misty Reich, vice-president HR at KFC UK and Ireland Reich, believes the companys culture of recognition sets it apart from its competitors (Jones 2010). It is not something you can really fabricate, says Reich. It comes off as being very inauthentic if it is not in the DNA of a business, and it is very much in our DNA (Jones 2010). Although monetary factor may appear to be the first choice of employee benefits there are other motivating factors that can drive employee to remain with companies including training, the access to the right tools (Heathfield 2010). Moreover, there are also some crotchety benefits within the restaurant industries which can be used by the management of Barretts Carvery these include Insurance Medical, Dental, Vision, Life, and Disability. Barretts Carvery could offer one or more of these uncommon benefits which may not only help in the retention of employees, but also in gaining a competitive edge (Food Services Warehouse 2009).1c) what honorable and intelligent implications will Barretts Carvery need to be aware of when recruiting new staff?ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONWhen recruiting new staff, Barretts Carvery must be cognizant of ethical and licit implication that may have an adverse impact on the business. Ethics take many forms, but in its most fundamental nature, ethics can be regarded as a set of principals of which governs the right conduct of a person (Draft and Marcic, 2008). Ethical Consideration should not be taken lightly by an employer or employee. HR specialists are concerned with ethical standards in three ways their conduct as professionals, the values that govern their behaviour and the ethical standards of their firms (Armstrong, 2006).In an effort to prevent unethical conduct when recruiting new staff, Barretts Carvery must ensure that selected candidates have a clear understanding of the companys code of conduct and poli cies, which if not bind to can result in dismissal. For example, employees of one of UK biggest restaurant chains can be dismissed if they do not adhere to the code of conduct, of not to win customers to leave cash tips. According to The Guardian (2009) Employees of Tragus which owns Strada, Caf Rouge, and Bella Italia are forbidden to tell diners that the optional service beam is used to subsidize the national minimum wage paid to waiters. Cash tips go directly to staff, but those paid by card go to the company. The company sent a memo last month to all restaurant managers telling them to crack down on staff who appeared to be encouraging customers to leave cash instead of putting the service charge on their card (Elliot, 2009).Barretts Carvery should be aware of the negative implications unethical behavior can have on the reputation, the employees, and operational success of the restaurant. Unethical behavior can have detrimental effects on organizations in ways including giv ing the company a bad image, causing ineffectiveness, harm sales, and worsen communication which can be costly to retract or repair (National Business Ethics Survey, 2000). Barretts Carvery should ensure that the new and current staff do not indulge in behavior that may be unethical questionable, as this may impact the productivity level of the restaurant. The paper went on to mention that, unethical behavior rock-bottom efficiency, and increases misconduct (National Business Ethics Survey, 2000). In one survey, 71 percent of employees who saw honesty applied rarely or never in their organization had seen misconduct in the past year, compare with 52 percent who saw honesty applied occasionally, and 25 percent who saw it frequently. The figures were similar for respect and go for (National Business Ethics Survey, 2000). Unethical behavior towards employees can hinder productivity, trust, caused demotivation, worsen absenteeism, and even affect the performance of the highly skilled (Michael and Rao, 2005).In addition to ethical implications, Barretts Carvery must also be concerned with ratified consideration when recruiting new staff. One reason why the management of Barretts Carvery should be concerned about the jural implications is to minimize risks of being involved in legal battles. One method to minimize legal risks is to ensure that the recruiting practices conform to the laws that govern the hiring of employees. Barretts Carvery should also take care to ensure that the additional steps in the recruitment process such as job postings, questions asked during the interviews, the checking of references, and job offers, all comply with the legal requirements. Barretts Carvery can also refer to other sources for guidance on ethical and legal implications on hiring new staff. One such source is the Recruiter Guide. According to the A Recruiter Guide job postings or advertisements should not be published which give preference toRaceColourAncestryPlace of ori ginPolitical beliefReligion matrimonial statusFamily statusPhysicalMental disabilitySexSexual orientationAgeAvoiding discrimination during the recruitment process does not only breath clear of legal battles it also allows you to select the best person for the job. Barretts Carvery must ensure that applicants are not selected based on race, sex, age, political beliefs, religious stand or any of the above because people can bring employment tribunal claim if they think they were discriminated during the selection process (Business Link, 2007). In addition to the Recruiter Guide, Barretts Carvery can also use the governing laws to avoid negative ethical and legal implication when recruiting new staff. According to BC Laws, Employment Standard Act, Chapter 13, when hiring an employee the following must be enforced.No False representationsHiring of ChildrenNo charge for hiring or providingNo fees to other personsEmployment and talent places must be licensedFarm confinement contractor must be licensedWritten employment contract required for domesticsRegister of employees working in residencesIt is recommended that Barretts Carvery examine the laws that govern to ensure that it is protected from any adverse legal and ethical implications. Barretts Carvery must also ensure that its employees familiarized themselves with these laws to recognized and prevent unlawful acts that may have ethical and legal implications.CONCLUSIONIn seeking to increase the number of employees, Barretts Carvery should not take its recruitment, selection, and retention processes lightly. The company should ensure that the job descriptions and person specifications are clear as possible this is the foundation for selecting the right person for the job. Ensuring that the person specification is directly related to the job, and not selecting the right person for the job can prevent unneeded costs. In an effort to select the right candidate Barretts Carvery should ensure that the method used, application forms, interviews, tests, etc are tailored to suit the job description this is important, as not doing so can result in hiring the wrong persons. Moreover, Barretts Carvery must steer clear of any unethical behavior that may tarnished the image of the company, and should ensure that the companys recruitment, selection and retention processes addresses all ethical/unethical and legal issues that can arise. The company should ensure that all the laws that govern are adhere to, as doing so in the recruitment process can reduce the chances of misconduct and lawsuits.

Impact of the Sugar Regime Reform

Impact of the Sugar Regime ReformTHE CAP REFORMS 2005-2007SOURAV ROYTHE SUGAR REGIME REFORM (2005-06)The European Union (EU) forms one of the largest dent producers in the world. This position was formed through the application of certificateist policies ranging from exertion and prices to exports and importations that is applicable throughout the EU. The policy that is prevalent in Europe with regard to scribble regulation is unremarkably known as the CMO (Common Market Organisation). Since its inception in 1968 the CMO had hardly undergone any reform. Taking into account every last(predicate) the reforms that the EUs Common Agricultural curriculum (CAP) had gone through the 1992 MacSharry Reform, Agenda 2000, and the 2003 CAP reform- the sugar market of Europe had escaped through all the reform periods. But the 2003 reforms gave rise to certain factors which take to the need for reforming their sugar market. First the Everything-But-arms (EBA) initiative that led the EU t o withdraw tariff from 48 developing countries which means that there availability of more measure of sugar. Secondly, the sugar government activity of EU does not comply with the EUs WTO export rules which in turn imply that EU thronenot export out-of quota sugar. Thirdly, there was admission of 10 more countries in the EU which led to the increase in the imbalance of demand and supply of sugar.The main purpose of the CMO is to ensure uninterrupted sugar production inside the countries of the EU where sugar production is feasible. This is made possible through the National Production Quota granted to the producers of sugar within the EU. There overly exists an intervention price a minimum amount that is guaranteed to the producers of sugar so that they have the incentive for continuous sugar production. The EU under takes several mechanisms in order to protect the domestic sugar industry. Firstly, EU imposes high restrictive quotas on import of sugar substitutes. Secondly, hi gh amount of subsidies are given to turn out off the excess amount of supply and maintain high domestic prices.The 2005 sugar reform under the CAP of EU aims at (1) lowering the production of sugar at places where the cost of inputs are higher or where the rate of yield is low (2) to bring the export subsidies in line with rules laid overpower by the WTO (3) to reduce the import of sugar from the EBA countries into the EU (4) to reduce the price gap between sugar and other substitutes of sugar. The main elements of the new sugar regime reform 2006 are as followsOver a four year period beginning in 2006/07 the intervention price for sugar is reduced from 631.9 Euros to 404.4 Euros per ton, that amounts to a cut of about 36%In order to compensate for the price cut, the farmers were entitled to receive a compensation amounting to 64.2% of the price cuts. Farmers in those countries giving up at least 50% of the quota on sugar are provisioned to receive a coupled payment (coupled with production) of 30 percent of the income loss along with all possible national aids.Unlike the previous reform, in this reform the A and B quota are coupled together into a single quota amounting to 17.4 million oodles of sugar.In order to encourage the strategy of quota, a voluntary restructuring scheme is introduced for a maximum period of 4 years. The scheme involves buying out quota from th producers of sugar and encouraging factory closures.With regard to the management of the supply side, it consists of both the old and the new system mechanisms. An important feature is the replacement of the intervention system with a reference price. The supply management mostly depends on the private storage system when market prices fall below the reference price.The border protection measures did not undergo a change except for cutting down on the quotas and the tariffs in order to bring them at par with the WTO commitments. Non preferential import duties including the special safeguards were not affected by the new regime.An examination of the market reveals some effects of the current sugar regime reform. Although the existing reform has been replaced by a new reform, there lull exist some price support policies which have the potential to limit the extent to which the goals of the reform policy can be achieved. Moreover, high import barriers will continue to shield the domestic sugar industry. The inability of quota holders to trade quotas across member states may restrict the mark of industry adjustment toward greater cost efficiency.The application of the new sugar reform regime is going to alter the sugar market for the EU. According to the estimates given by the EU commission, a cut in the export of sugar due to the due to the rules set out by the WTO there is going to be a reduction in the production of sugar amounting to be around 2 million. High cost regions like Ireland, Greece, Italty and Portugal would face a lot of fretting while the low cost regio ns would be in a advantageous position to increase production.With regard to trade, shipments of sugar were expected to increase to the EU from the EBA countries later 2009 but there exists certain uncertainty regarding this. Under the SWAPS provision, the EBA countries could import sugar at world price and then export locally produced sugar within the EU. Even with the lower intervention prices, very few people within the EU believe that EBA countries will be able to export raw sugar at a reasonably low price. Under the reform, only the ACP countries within the LDC group (i.e., Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) have the potential to offset losses in their current quota exports to the EU by increasing their export volumes under the EBA Initiative.THE 2007 REFORMIn order to have an environment-friendly development the various sections of CAP are monitored. On the November 2007 the commission declared that there will be a wellness Check up on the various reforms of CAP. It gives the dir ection that the CAP should undertake to continue the reform military operation that started in 2003 with the introduction of SPS (Special Payment Scheme). It mainly focuses on three measuresSimplifying the SPS scheme.Market measuresNew environmental challenges.Simplifying the Single Payment SchemeAccording to the CAP Health Check, the Single Payment Scheme should be developed in the following waysstandardising the application of the system in order to limit cases where aid is still granted under a coupled support systemcontinued adaptation of the principle of cross-compliance, which promotes sustainableagriculture whilst taking account of societys new requirementsReviewing the allocation of aid limit the higher level of payments and increasing the minimum area threshold required for small amounts.Market developmentsIn order to encourage effectivecompetitionon agricultural markets, the Commission intends to retrospect some CAP management instruments which no longer meet market req uirements, in particular measures concerning cereals and dairy products.New environmental challengesThis illustrates the new challenges that the CAP could turn over towards meeting climate change, bio-energy and water management, as well as other challenges such as biodiversity.

Parameters For Future Energy Price Scenarios

Parameters For Future zip fastener Price ScenariosThe ground rules of fortune telling rules which rely on broadening of trends, says godet is phantasmagorical when the nature is an ever-changing and the phenomena which need to accounted ar complex and resuscitated. 1Taking the year 2025 as a near end to analyze alternative future developments and alike to assure and reproducible framework use formal models and data to and harmonize regional aspirations with global possibilities, I take the following qualitative parameters into account.1) Population To relate population growth and slide fastener demand, the link amid population and naught involves two mediatory connecting elements to be recognized.They relate to the changes in financial development. Typically, the great a regions per capita r correctue, the greater its per capita consumption of force. 22) Environmental taxes Taxes on cleverness consumption and carbon taxes reflect instruments which reduce the polluting r eleases, by economists. Practicing environmental policies, the increasing number of Western European countries has utilise taxes base on the emissions or nil content of the faculty products. These definitely influence the energy price scenarios in the near future. 33) Investments in energy picture sectorOver the period of years 2001-2030 the total investment essential for energy supply infrastructure worldwide is estimated around $16 trillion.4.This investment must be used to enlarge supply capacity and to replace present and future supply amenities that will be drained or pass away out-of-date during the projection period. The energy securities persistence place of the world is expected to rise by 2/3rds over the next 30years. Energy infrastructure investment is a cardinal driver for the growth of the economy. Energy-investment requirements will account for an important fact of total domestic investment in Russia and other transition economies, Africa and the hydrocarbon -rich Middle tocopherol. in the midst of primary fossil renders, the capital intensity of investment varies considerably. Natural gas is about six times more capital-intensive than coal for equivalent energy supplied. 5 This is a powerful consideration for capital-constrained countries. Future investment needs are subject to many uncertainties, including macroeconomic conditions, energy prices, environmental policies, geopolitical factors, technological developments. 64) Energy engineering science cost Advanced energy technologies nethersurface influence long-term energy investment outlook. overdue to high deliverance costs in an imminent market, the open fire costs of travel in hydrogen dismiss equipped vehicles would greater than those of the alternative ceremonious fuels, but they could ultimately befit equal to gasoline vehicles. give the axe cell vehicles are pr i to technology development hurdles however, there should be large decrease in price of have goting an a utomobiles in advance fuel celled vehicles become attractive to the general public. Fuel storage is as well as a problem. The extensive use of H2 has to be intervened by the organization to im kick upstairs its use of goods and services, refueling facilities and vehicles. Nuclear advances raftnister lead to designs with less capital costs, shorter construction time and flexible operation, so improving the economics of nuclear electricity. There is widespread interest worldwide in a 4th generation of nuclear power reactors, though public opposition can continue. 75) Energy technology diffusion rates Energy engineering science diffusion is a sophisticated process presenting diverse dimensions for analysis. In dividing the major(ip) aspects of technology diffusion, it is in the scope of this paper to analyze the process in diametrical dimensions. It can micturate a huge influence on the pricing scenario.6) Climatic Policies The energy policies are constantly changing, especial ly in relation to modality change and the energy transition. The energy markets are lacking regulations, there is an increase in the demand energy from renewable resources and there are price hikes. And nevertheless changes are yet to come into picture. Many of these improvements are interrelated and it is difficult to foresee their impact on strategies. However, with an affirmative go about to new improvements and accessing the right acquirement we can minimize risks and avail opportunities.7) Terrorism Through 2025, internal skirmishes threat the stability around the globe. Terrorist attacks are now posing serious threats to the worlds economy and energy efficiency.Between now and 2025 terrorism will grow sophistically to a new height which breaches the world peace and harmony, indirectly effecting the energy efficiency and price scenarios. Due to these internal threats the local governments are tending to invest more on internal security sophistications and hence diverting th e energy investments. We can expect more lethal terrorist attacks to occur in the future. Hence, terrorism can be considered as a threat to the energy efficiency. 88) Natural Calamities No nation, expert or soothsaying technique can foresee a natural disaster and prevent its damage. Natural calamities can always affect a nations economy and energy stability. Energy price scenarios are passing influenced by these disasters. The effects include the diversion of investments to alternate housing provisions for disaster struck colonies. Relief measures have to be initiated and continued which includes huge energy consumption affecting the energy price scenario.9) National and Local Politics Government support is essential for energy policies. inventive technologies are to be experimented and implemented under the cover songing of the government hence the frontrunners are planning to invest parts of their economy for these implementations. Since the global warming and other issues be came serious issues of political interests, the government will be a substantial issue in energy pricing.10) Cumulative primary energy consumption and renewable energy productionCumulative energy demand and efficiency can be seen as an indicator of environmental influences to estimate the exhaustion of energy resources and usage of common energy sources considering a whole lifecycle. prospective approach always emphasizes on consumptions in the future leading to formulating theories which in return help quantification this parameter. 911) cultural effects Generally living cultures and groups grow continuously and affect one or the other forms of environmental activities at the lowest levels. For an example, if a person has a big car and a small car he would in the main prefer to use a bigger car.Let it be for prestige or whatever, our culture is that way. So, cultural effects also worry the energy price scenario of the world. Consumer culture plays a weighty role in the energy nee ds and production.Ans. 1b) denomination of Quantifiable ParametersAll the qualitative parameters discussed in the previous section are non quantifiable but near are definitely quantifiable.Population.Environmental taxes.Investments in energy deliver sectorEnergy technology cost.Cultural effects.Ans. 1c) Godets PropositionI moderately agree with this specific aspect of Godets proposition.Qualitative forecasting techniques generally depend on expert opinions. These can be applied where historical data is available. But the historical data cannot directly interpret the future. Quantitative forecasting methods are used when past data is available. In the quantitative forecasting techniques the causation relationship is also taken into account.Qualitative forecasting emphasizes much on prediction of future through the present scenario. It can sometimes be too erroneous to depend upon.The cause is that predicting the future has always been an opportunity for us to let our minds run fre e. Eventually we will be happy or sad to see technological development which will produce unforeseen changes. As market by Godet, imagination can deceive but sometimes it can follow a trend. Extrapolation of the prevailing trend sometimes leads to futuristic conceits.These, sometimes, can be accurate too. But I consider that extrapolation of the variable a good method rather than a complete extension of a trend. But, we cannot alone depend on our predictions always. Future had never been predicted exactly and never will be.We cannot leave our posterity with predictions only but we must prepare them for any federal agency. Prospective approach can be a solution to broaden our perspective towards the future but everything cannot be predicted. 10Ans. 1d) Commercialization of energy efficiency in japan1. Although many firms may be developing energy technologies and might have super features with great scientific advances but the commercialization is a bug in the ear of such firms. M arket-adaptation skills and institutions to take turn a profits are still scarce.In table 4 of paper by Osamu Kimura on Commercialization of energy- economic technologies in Japan, some technologies which failed to suck up commercialized due to lack of marketing skeletal models. Michel Godets ideas on commercialization and qualitative approach could have definitely improved the commercialization potential of the technologies which failed to reap commercialized due to marketing deficiencies.The main difficulty is a deficiency of commercial awareness where the advanced, inspirational and market related abilities to turn an idea or design into a dependable commercial able product. Specifically quality is the lacking factor. These market-related deficiencies are persistent in any economy. 11Godet believed in an eight format strategic approach, which he called a prospective approach, can be useful in commercializing technologies to the core.The first set up hawked with the socio-org anizational context which sets the tenor for the entire process. Technologies which have failed at this level cannot move any further because it justifies technology and tell us why it is introduced.The molybdenum stage hawked a 360 degree x-ray oft the enterprise, its association/experience, and its productive capacities. Such a verdict will be effective in commercialization since the trademark of the developer can also affect the extent of commercialization.The tercet stage emphasizes on the structural diagnosis of the enterprise, whereas, the fourth part analyses the dynamics of an enterprise, its strengths and weaknesses etc. Technologies like Heat Transport System using vacuum insulation which were introduced and failed to pay back commercialized due to organizational instabilities can be improved of their potential if they are introduced by a more stable organization, according to the second, third and fourth stages in the prospective approach.12The fifth stage attempts t o increase certainty in depict questions about the future with experts advice and expand the risks, trends etc. Technologies like High capacity Heat Pump Using Multi Fuel Engine and High Efficiency Heat Pump Using Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy, which were dependent on fuels not available in the foreseen future, can be effectively commercialized using efficient fuel substitution on expert advice.The sixth seventh and one-eighth stages dealt in compatibility and implementation. Additional significant features of commercialization are constant product maturity development and cost decline. Technologies like Compression/Absorption hybrid affectionateness pump, Heat recovery from slag process in steel plants, Heat conveyance system using surfactants and Absorption pump using natural refrigerants can be commercialized if they successfully pass through the sixth, seventh and eighth stages of the prospective approach. 122) I completely accept the conclusions of the study. There were mainly f our conclusions of the study. First, the government funding for private RD needs to be in long tem.The creation of new technology frequently plays a significant role as a source of economic evolution. Furthermore, social return is always greater than the private return and hence all countries want to introduce their technologies through government funding so that the technology can reach the public far well. Hence such technology introductions receive more loans and subsidies. Two of the bases which lead to such a technology are market fluctuations and underinvestment in such technologies. Whenever a technology is under RD, such a technology cannot be placed under concealing and hence it will gain public interest and in turn the government funding can initialize its commercialization to a better level than a private company.Public RD funding surges the total RD expenditure only if the contributions spur firms to research and deploy projects that would otherwise recognized on a sma ller scale. So, the government funding to the private RD has to be formulated to belong term so as to assist effective commercialization.Second, responding to and influencing market demand is a key to commercialization. Commercialization is the process by which people, responding to markets, transform new knowledge and technology into economically successful products, processes, or services. Knowledge, sessions and topical studies suggest that a national method to commercialization should highlight the demand for RD and technology and organize plans close to their marketplaces.Third, the deployment policy should complement the public RD in the commercialization phase. Implementation at the pre commercial stage is the beginning of the commercial distribution. This has to be done analogous to the RD so as to find out the pros and cons of the technology in the commercial sector.Finally, assessment of cost and market demand. The profitability of innovation depends on the costs of commer cialization. In some industries or technologies, the sheer size of the investment required is the largest single hurdle to commercialization. exactly in niche markets, with less competition and consideration of costs, can small plants compete successfully in these industries.In other industries, however, capital costs do not present as great a barrier to commercialization. . Especially in new industries that are expected to demonstrate strong learning- curve effects, conclusiveness makers often cannot determine how quickly production costs will drop to a desired level. Uncertainties regarding cost also enter the decision-making process. 13Hence arrangements have to be do in order to develop commercial storage. This helps the economy and also the interests of the geographical analysts. The ongoing investments in energy storage show an pressing need of energy storage.There have to be a regulation or a regulatory committee keeping an eye on the investments in infrastructure which pr oves a potential alternative for the energy supply in the energy crisis.Greater efficiency of energy throughout its usage has to improve a lot in order to lessen the energy usage and use the available energy effectively and efficiently.Answer to question 2 Internal energy market legislation according to the demand price scenario. The OPEC oil price rise in 19732a) Gazproms supremacy over the European natural gas market is a growing concern among Europes policy makers. In restricting European investors from the Russian market, challenging access to regulatory distributions on the European market, while at the same time exercising its influence upon the CIS states, Russia has showed it undependability as a long-term supplier.Emergency planning faced a hindrance by lack of consistent comparability amid the known definitions and the operative measures which were taken. In this context I assume myself as a large manufacturer (large energy consumer) and describe my response.Early in the crisis, Europes gas industry showed its capability to manage with several features of the problem being faced by Europe. The presence of transaction covenants and supply contracts permitted establishments to work together to relieve sources to internal nodes, schools and hospitals, during the unkindest days of emergency. 14*.Manufacturers are withstanding high energy prices and supply drops (as in this case where Gazprom cuts its energy supplies or increase price by 200%), where energy is only a smaller component in the cost of production. Usually the problems that persist for a large manufacturer when there is an energy supply cut or a price hike areGenerally the lack of fuel-switching capability in the cardinal equipment (which requires a lot of capital investment).Unattractive attributes of some energy-saving equipment, such as differences in quality or comfort and high cost. Energy-savings may be less important than other factor-savings.Energy storage before the energy crisi s occurs (before the supplies are cut).Investments to buy more energy from the supplier before the energy supplies are cut.Transportation of fuel and transportation of raw materials/products.Searching for alternate sources, and pipeliningDemand at alternative sources.Being a large manufacturer I am putting forward the following solutions, The Internal Market Principle, which one part of the market should help in supplying another part at a period when there is scarcity of energy must prove valuable.There is a lack of interdependence in the EU. This has to develop to a significant scale where the EU relies much on itself rather than the Middle East countries for energy supplies.Fuel transition from have to be diversified in order to make EU a comfortable, sustainable and competitive in the energy market.A more interconnected market is always require where the flexibility and security becomes a major aspect. More fuel switching options have to be introduced in order to reduce the ri sks that the reliability on a single supplier introduces.Gas storage is a useful task when there is an energy scarcity has to be implemented which plays an important role in proper market functioning under energy hindrances and supply cuts.The EU has to stop relying on a single supplier and diversify its importing strategy for securing its energy needs.Increasing dependence on gaseous fuels for electricity and domestic heating, with no or limited availabilities of fuel switching technologies is a greater risk.Developments have to be made in implementing renewable energy and enact fuel switching.Transportation has to be made more energy efficient for greater energy efficiency.Developing technological innovations such as self-powering open electrical power systems which extract the required electrical supply from active vacuum and readily scalable in size and yield.Measures have to be taken by the single governments or the organizations to proclamation the conflicts that rose betwee n the producer and the consumer. Geo-political issues come into discussion here, which is out of our interest.Limiting the production and energy usage until the conflict is go underd is another option.15Ans.2b) In the in a higher place response, I believed in going with both out of the box solutions and a partially orthodox, additive approaches together.As manufacturer, one of my key duties to foresee a situation and change accordingly for the sustainable development of my organization until it achieves success. If an organization is performing well, it is evident for us that there is nothing wrong with the situation and it is perfectly under control. But still we need to extrapolate continuously and new ideas to secure the perfect condition of the organization. Innovation requires us to think out of bounds and it requires unlocking creativity.In the above context I searched for other possibilities of energy crisis and so I came up with effective solutions which may prove useful in the future also. For example, fuel switching is an out of the box solution. Adapting to the energy changes with new technology and energy efficient systems is an out of the box solution.Coming to the advantages of thinking out of the box in order to achieve service excellence every business operation expresses strategies and measures which have been or are being accomplished in their particular industry by their counter parts or all these systems have remained standing since time because there is a mindset that the customers are most contented and dexterous with the way that they are being aided. In certain occasions schemes and measures are a depart of involvement of an psyche or a team who apparently are the achievers of the trade and are considered to be born geniuses who are totally in agreement with the pulse of their customers. This sometimes can be a orthodox approach. It will work well when the situations are a repeat of the past. In the above solutions, storing ene rgy, limiting the production and internal market principles are some examples of fusty approaches. Incremental approaches are primarily conflict resolving solutions between the consumer and the supplier.All such circumstances are very risky and waiting to bounce back at a slimmest blunder.Interactions with customers, policy makers can be made interesting by thinking out of the box and adopting systems which are efficient when compared to those in the conservative approach.Ans.2c) I believe that an incremental approach is the best solution to reduce the ill effect created by inflexible market issues. This approach takes the initiative in solving the conflict by offering help to the conflicting parties. It can also prove useful to threaten both the parties and force them to take by the way decisions in resolving the conflict. It also provides the conflicting parties with optional solutions along with their advantages and disadvantages. It, however cannot resolve all conflicts but it will definitely provide some service in at least reducing the magnitude ill effects. This kind of approach recognizes that gradual long term approach offers the best solutions to such conflicts. It also recognizes that dividing the conflict into parts and solving each part incrementally is a sound approach.The incremental approach recommends the parties to examine the full context of the conflict and recognize the vitriolic effects of the conflict. Sometimes this incremental approach involves functions like making negotiation between the conflicting parties, in smaller issues and then move on to the more adverse issues. Fractionalization is employed in breaking the issues into smaller parts and dealing with them one by one. This incremental approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Braking up the inflexible issues and using negotiations to solve the conflicts are some of the advantages. But the conflict resolving techniques of this approach can bring up many other proble ms and can sometimes short fail in conflict resolving.Conservative approach is a one in which the parties will insist more on conservation compared to conflict resolving. This approach can work well only for a small, certain period of time. In this kind of approach there are no attempts made to resolve the conflict. So there can arise a situation where the conflict grow up to peaks and irresolvable. Conservative approach can go along with the incremental approach for the best performance.While negotiating with the parties, following an incremental approach, an inner conservative approach have to be followed. This can continue until the problem is solved. It also has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.Service brilliance can also be achieved by doing accurate things in a diverse manner or simply by improving the quality of your procedures by thinking out of the box. An approach is said to be out of the box when that is new, creative and cannot be related to normal or convent ional approach. Similarly a technology which is invented through unlocking creativity is known as an out of the box technology. Approaches leading to such out of the box technologies are known as an out of the box technological approach. An out of the box technological approach is opposite from straight approaches in various ways. Technologies which evolve from conventional approaches are necessarily improvements of past technologies. They depend a lot on the past variables and past attributes. Such approaches generally attract people/customers who are interested in improvements to the previous technology.Markets to such conventional technologies follow trends almost similar to those followed by their parent technologies. These trends can sometimes be variable attributing those to uneven results to the customer satisfaction, extent of improvement etc. Whereas, technologies which are out of the box are new and creative. There can be some implications to such creative inventions. Te chnologies that are out of the box need not be entirely new. When they follow a familiar theory, their implementation may be different when they follow a familiar implementation, their background and theory may be different when they follow a familiar theory and a familiar implementation, their field of application may be different or new. They can sometimes be entirely new too. Markets trends to such out of the box technologies are very unpredictable. The procedures that are made or are being followed cannot be inflexible and they cannot deal with out of the book solutions for every problem. All the initial steps of careful screening would miserly that the lineup dealing with the clients is armed with the right kind of boldness that is required in service industry. There is a very thin line between being elastic while providing furnishing the customers necessities and desires and breaking the rules and procedures in the apparel of serving people. 16Ans.2d) I feel that foreseeing a situation which is already being seen is not an understanding way of answering this question. Nowadays we are already in a situation where we need to do with less, in terms of capital goods, travel, and levels of comfort for the benefit of all. Presently we are personally reducing the usage of plastic, this is because plastic cannot be decomposed and when we try to decompose or burn it, it will produce harmful fumes. So this can be one of the cases where we are reducing our comfort levels for the sake of others. Instead, we are using alternative methods like replacing plastic with paper. We are even keen on implementing the three rs (reduce, reuse and recycle).Similarly, lighting is essential to a modern society. Lights have transformed the way we live, our efforts and our entertainment. Today, about five percent of the energy used in the world is for lighting our homes, buildings, and streets.Nowadays we reduced the amount of energy we consume for lighting, intentionally or unint entionally, we have begun using energy efficient systems. Reducing energy usage or switching to energy efficient methods can be efficient.In the last 100 years, appliances have revolutionized the way we clear energy and our time at home. Tasks that used to take ages are now achieved in few minutes, using electricity most of the time. Until the embargos of the 1970s, people drove without thought of fuel economy or ecological impacts. Aerodynamic designs were combined and engine size condensed. More vital was that engines were enhanced to upsurge fuel efficacy with fuel injectors and electronic communications. CO2 emissions are threatening to the world. Hence we are adapting to substituting fuels.We reduce our luxury for the sake of others and energy efficiency. We are using public transport to reduce the energy usage.Thinking collectively about the present and future is an important step, but reflecting upon changes in the environment should not become an end in itself. Similarly, w e do not want to shine a spotlight on the surface while leaving the center in the dark. The future is genuinely the result of human will and initiative. Local ecological influences are likely to remain to take superiority over worldwide change in the accomplishment of sustainable energy developments. 17Answer to question 33a) Major changes in the UK affecting the energy during the past 50 years also brought up with them a major technological change. Some may be positive and beneficial but some may be negative and ineffective. Lets talk about them one by one.Restriction on manufacturing new types of nuclear power plants (Sizewell B reactors).These have been the most important challenges for the technologists. They have to find new technologies for producing nuclear energy based on gas-cooled reactors because there is a restriction on building wet cooled reactors. They have to build new reactors, storage units etc. this demands a lot of pay to be invested initially. New technologies have to be developed to ensure the safety of the labor in this industry, for example, radiation resistant safety suits, etc., Gas cooled reactors a second generation British technology reactors which uses graphite as moderator. The advantage of this design is that the coolant can go to higher temperature than water. Resulting higher plant efficiency (above 40%) compared to the water cooled design (around 30%). This is recognized as the most important improvement in nuclear technology. 18The Natural gas from the North Sea is being replaced by the gas derived from the Coal.This reduced the pressure on the coal industry. But this demanded new technologies for efficient offshore fuel extraction stations and for transport. Leak proof, underwater pipelines were a huge burden initially. Refining the fuel gas also introduced new innovations. Progress in offshore technologies is exemplified by advances in production platforms and production systems which highly rely on seismic technology. D rilling technologies have also improved a lot, leading to multilateral and multi branch wells.Floating storage vessels, shuttle tanks and ejector seat technologies are the most recognized improvements in the transportation technologies. 19Privatization of the coal /electricity industries and British GasAs the technologies of the government are patented, privatization generally introduces new technologies into the respective industries thus causing technological expansion.Promoting renewable energy investment by consumers.Renewable energy investments promoted the developments of technologies in a lower, domestic level. The diffusion of new and renewable technologies is determined by a logistic curve function of two key factors the size of the economic potential and the length of the diffusion process, which are different according to the technology. New and emerging renewable energy technologies include cellulosic ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy.Solar power panels that use nanotechnology, which is used in creating circuits out of individual silicon molecules, will probably cost half as much as traditional photovoltaic cells.The future prospects of electricity needs an innovation of nuclear and wind energies.Since earliest times, man has utilized the power of the wind. The technology has diversified over ages to include pumping water, grinding grain

Disasters in Space Flight :: Essays Papers

Disasters in Space FlightOn January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of the Apollo 4, were doing atest countdown on the launch pad. Gus Grissom was in charge. His junto wereEdward H. White, the first American to walk in space, and Roger B. Chaffee, anaval officer going up for the first cartridge clip. 182 feet below, R.C.A technicianGary Propst was seated in front of a bank of television monitors, listening tothe crew radio product line and watching various televisions for important activity.Inside the Apollo 4 there was a metal door with a sharp edge. Each timethe door was dependent and shut, it scraped against an environmental control unitwire. The repeated abrasion had exposed two tiny sections of wire. A sparkalone would not perplex a fire, except just below the cuts in the cable was a lengthof aluminum tubing, which took a ninety-degree turn. on that point were hundreds ofthese turns in the whole enclose. The aluminum tubing carried a dihydric alcohol coolingflui d, which is not flammable, however when exposed to air it turns to flammablefumes. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen in an effort to throw overboard theastronauts to work more efficiently. It also turns normally not so flammableitems to highly flammable items. Raschel netting that was highly flammable inthe pure oxygen environment was border on the exposed section of the wires.At 63104 p.m. the Raschel netting burst into an open flame. A secondafter the netting burst into flames, the first communicate came over the crewsradio channel Fire, Grissom said. Two Seconds later, Chaffee said clearly,Weve got a fire in the cockpit. His tone was businesslike (Murray 191).There was no camera in the cabin, but a remote control camera, if zoomedin on the porthole could provide a partial, shadowy view of the interior of thespace craft. There was a address of motion, Propst explained, as White seemed tofumble with something and then quickly pull his blazon back, then reach ou t again. Another pair of arms came into view from the left, Grissoms, as the flamesspread from the far left-hand corner of the spacecraft toward the porthole(Murray 192). The crew struggled for about 30 seconds after their suits failed,and then died of asphyxiation, not the heat. To guide out of the capsuleastronauts had to remove three separate hatches, atleast 90 seconds was requiredto open all three hatches.Disasters in Space Flight Essays PapersDisasters in Space FlightOn January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of the Apollo 4, were doing atest countdown on the launch pad. Gus Grissom was in charge. His crew wereEdward H. White, the first American to walk in space, and Roger B. Chaffee, anaval officer going up for the first time. 182 feet below, R.C.A technicianGary Propst was seated in front of a bank of television monitors, listening tothe crew radio channel and watching various televisions for important activity.Inside the Apollo 4 there was a metal door with a sharp edge. Each timethe door was open and shut, it scraped against an environmental control unitwire. The repeated abrasion had exposed two tiny sections of wire. A sparkalone would not cause a fire, but just below the cuts in the cable was a lengthof aluminum tubing, which took a ninety-degree turn. There were hundreds ofthese turns in the whole capsule. The aluminum tubing carried a glycol coolingfluid, which is not flammable, but when exposed to air it turns to flammablefumes. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen in an effort to allow theastronauts to work more efficiently. It also turns normally not so flammableitems to highly flammable items. Raschel netting that was highly flammable inthe pure oxygen environment was near the exposed section of the wires.At 63104 p.m. the Raschel netting burst into an open flame. A secondafter the netting burst into flames, the first message came over the crewsradio channel Fire, Grissom said. Two Seconds later, Chaffee said clear ly,Weve got a fire in the cockpit. His tone was businesslike (Murray 191).There was no camera in the cabin, but a remote control camera, if zoomedin on the porthole could provide a partial, shadowy view of the interior of thespace craft. There was a lot of motion, Propst explained, as White seemed tofumble with something and then quickly pull his arms back, then reach out again. Another pair of arms came into view from the left, Grissoms, as the flamesspread from the far left-hand corner of the spacecraft toward the porthole(Murray 192). The crew struggled for about 30 seconds after their suits failed,and then died of asphyxiation, not the heat. To get out of the capsuleastronauts had to remove three separate hatches, atleast 90 seconds was requiredto open all three hatches.

Humanitarian Intervention Essay -- International Relations, Ethics

The issue of humanitarian noise has become increasingly prominent in worldwide debates regarding its role in ethics and legitimacy in outside(a) relations. Uncertainty arises as to whether there are any moral obligation for humanitarian intervention and the concerning justifications of the violation of realm sovereignty. In viewing the affaire ethically and applying Immanuel Kants principle of cosmopolitan law from his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace A Philosophical Essay, humanitarian intervention can be conventional as a conflict between a cosmopolitan state, which is to nurture and promote human rights because of their universality, and an obligation to respect land sovereignty as a crucial basis for moral and political world-wide order. Inevitably, fulfilling one set of responsibilities can involve the violation of the other in situations for example where governments are actively abusing the fundamental rights of their own citizens. Many Third World leaders, consider the con cept of humanitarian intervention to be potentially destabilising for the international system, and view it as an justify for more powerful nations to undermine and threaten their state sovereignty (Ayoob, 2004 p.99). By using the United Nations popular Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a reference point, this essay leave alone investigate the relationships between states when dealing with human rights standards and cultural differences. In examining the doctrine of the responsibility to protect, this essay will justify humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement of international order by focusing on the idea that the broader community of states mustiness assume the responsibility of intervention when individual sovereign states are unw... ...World suspicions as being the Wests manipulation for power, I deal justify the deficiency for intervention through the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948). the need for an international responsibility to protect. Through a bri ef overview of convertible political theory, I justified humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement for humanity. However, although the interest for a state to intervene must be weighed up against the outcomes of the intervention and no personal agendas from outside states can influence such interactions. In concluding the responsibility to protect encompasses the idea that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, the broader community of states must assume that responsibility as fellow citizens of the international community. Humanitarian Intervention Essay -- International Relations, EthicsThe issue of humanitarian intervention has become increasingly prominent in worldwide debates regarding its role in ethics and legitimacy in international relations. Uncertainty arises as to whether there are any moral obligation for humanitarian intervention and t he concerning justifications of the violation of state sovereignty. In viewing the matter ethically and applying Immanuel Kants principle of cosmopolitan law from his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace A Philosophical Essay, humanitarian intervention can be established as a conflict between a cosmopolitan responsibility, which is to protect and promote human rights because of their universality, and an obligation to respect state sovereignty as a crucial basis for moral and political international order. Inevitably, fulfilling one set of responsibilities can involve the violation of the other in situations for example where governments are actively abusing the fundamental rights of their own citizens. Many Third World leaders, consider the concept of humanitarian intervention to be potentially destabilising for the international system, and view it as an excuse for more powerful nations to undermine and threaten their state sovereignty (Ayoob, 2004 p.99). By using the United Nations Univers al Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a reference point, this essay will investigate the relationships between states when dealing with human rights standards and cultural differences. In examining the doctrine of the responsibility to protect, this essay will justify humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement of international order by focusing on the idea that the broader community of states must assume the responsibility of intervention when individual sovereign states are unw... ...World suspicions as being the Wests manipulation for power, I have justified the need for intervention through the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948). the need for an international responsibility to protect. Through a brief overview of standardised political theory, I justified humanitarian intervention as a moral requirement for humanity. However, although the interest for a state to intervene must be weighed up against the outcomes of the intervention and no personal agendas from outside states can influence such interactions. In concluding the responsibility to protect encompasses the idea that sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their own citizens from avoidable catastrophe, but that when they are unwilling or unable to do so, the broader community of states must assume that responsibility as fellow citizens of the international community.

Success Story: Subway Restaurants Essay -- Business Marketing Franchis

Success Story pipe Restaurants underground Restaurants, the franchised based organise shops, has surpassed McDonalds as the largest restaurant chain in the country. The Healthy Choice promoted chain surpassed the Big Mac of fast food by 148 locations. Subway opened 904 new locations last year, to McDonalds 295 opened (www.Subway.com). The sandwich franchise began during the summer of 1965. Seventeen year old Fred DeLuca received a loan from a family friend for one thousand dollars, and opened the first Subway in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The store denomination was not Subway but Petes Super Submarines named after the family friend that gave Fred DeLuca the loan (www.entrepreneur.com). Petes Super Submarines was changed to the current name of Subway in 1974 (www.entrepreneur.com). Fred DeLuca wanted to expand and open more locations, he had a set goal of opening 32 shops with in ten years. By 1974 DeLuca owned and operated sixteen locations around Connecticut. D eLuca was retributive at the halfway point of his goal of 32 shops in ten years. Time was running short with just less than two years to achieve his targeted goal. DeLuca turned to franchising as an option to increase locations (www.Subway.com). A Friend of DeLuca was the first franchisee. Brian Dixon bought the Wallington, Connecticut location (www.Subway.com). In 2003 Subway is ranked number one in the franchise 500, they have held this title for three years in a row. Subway has also been ...